Abbreviations used in this paper included: HAI: the morpheme hai, PROG: progressive aspect, EXP: experiential aspect, PERV: perfective aspect, PERF: perfect aspect, FOC: focus marker, SHI: the marker shi, CL: classifier, DE: the marker for modifying phrases in MC, PL: plural marker, GENG: comparative morpheme, Q: question particle, and SFP: sentence final particle.
"That appears, however," Tuesday's decision said, "to have been the only perfect aspect of the Perfect Plan".
Mandarin Chinese is generally assumed not to have perfect aspect.
By contrast, for the metaphysical reading, the perfect aspect scopes over the modal.
At the same time, the modal scopes over the perfect aspect.
But "had" and "took" are known as the perfect aspect, meaning the event is bounded in time.
Certain languages express the two readings via manipulating the scope relation between the modal and the perfect aspect.
In both cases, the perfect aspect—"had an affair" or "removed homes"—conveys a sense that the bad deed is in the past, says Matlock.
Condoravdi (2002) explained that the ambiguity arises from the two scope relations allowed between the non-root modal and the perfect aspect.
Both Theme and Rheme in example 9 convey Given information by virtue of the past tense 'implicated' and the perfect aspect 'had'had
