It is through this latter action-to-perception direction of activation that the action and bodily systems can prime or shape perceptual representations and processes.
According to the distribution-shift model of motion in vision [22], all the channels are involved in perception of direction, rather than only the channels coding two opposite directions.
Depth perception and direction are varied according to the motion of the user, which is able to investigate the environment at 360° inside the so-called region of exploration (REX).
Information from these invariant properties can then be used to recover depth perception and direction of heading, among other things, and thus be used to control motion.
This indicates the use of different informational variables in the control of the putting action and the perception of direction.
This provides a reason to suspect that transfer of calibration will not occur between the putting action and the perception of direction.
And conversely, action training did increase putting accuracy but did not lead to reliable improvements in the perception of direction of the perfect aiming line.
The putting action and the perception of direction are best understood as giving rise to separate couplings between task and informational variables.
Hence, to the extent that the putting action and the perception of direction are, indeed, tasks that exploit common codes or use the same information, a strong argument can be made that improvements in putting direction following a process of calibration would transfer to the perception of direction and vice versa.
Because the novice players made rightward errors in putting, it was argued that the calibration of the putting action induced by practice would have transferred to the perception of direction of the aiming line.
In addition, it cannot be ruled out that the skilled participants in the study by Van Lier et al. had first calibrated the perception of direction and subsequently transferred this calibration into the putting action.
