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Furthermore, when the brightness of the left and right sides of the sclera of a direct-gaze eye differ, the perceived gaze direction shifts to the darker side of the sclera, which is referred to as the "bloodshot" illusion [45].
Wollaston [47] found that a change in the orientation of the face (i.e., mirror reversal) resulted in a shift in the perceived gaze direction even though the eyes themselves remained unchanged.
(2) Bloodshot 1: The direct-gaze face was identical to that of Stimulus (1), but the right part of the sclera in both eyes of the direct-gaze face was darkened to a grayscale value of 138 in the averted-gaze face because previous literature on humans as subjects showed that perceived gaze direction shifted to the side in which the sclera was darkened [45].
Difference scores between the perceived gaze direction for the different face pairs were then compared to the standard view-invariant gaze predictor (Supplemental Experimental Procedures).
Previous investigators found that static gaze cues also evoke small eye movements in the perceived gaze direction (Mansfield et al. 2003).
Only the perceived gaze direction effect in anterior STS remained significant when the influence of physical stimulus features was removed (p = 0.018; Figure 3B).
This study provides the first evidence that human anterior STS contains a fine-grained, view-invariant code of perceived gaze direction.
Our experimental design assumes that perceived gaze direction can be approximated by the sum angle of head view and eye position relative to the head [ 2].
Each participant in the fMRI experiment carried out a subsequent task where they indicated the perceived gaze direction of the faces they had viewed in the scanner.
Although interesting in their own right, these eye movement effects also suggest that investigators who seek to isolate effects of perceived gaze direction would be well advised to monitor the volunteer's own gaze.
Jannings is perceived gazing at his make-up box, the cover of which is a mirror.
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