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The negative change of Cognitive Competence (M=−0.22, SD=0.81) and Difficulty scores (M=−0.26, SD=0.83) indicated that students encountered more troubles and perceived more difficulties in statistics.
Those who declined to participate were older (81.2 ± 4.1 vs. 80.4 ± 4.2, Students T-test p < .001), more often lived with a spouse or others (Chi-square test p = .006), more often perceived their health as poor or very poor (p < .001), perceived more difficulties in outdoor mobility (p < .001) and moved outdoors less often than those who participated in the study (p < .001) (Table 2).
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Both immigrants and the group with non-Danish mother tongue perceived more difficulty than Danes in all items.
In the 'Understanding' scale, the levels were quite similar, except for item 4a, where men perceived more difficulty than women in understanding information on medication labels.
The 65 84 year olds perceived more difficulty than the younger age groups regarding the functional skills; filling out medical forms (1a) and reading and understanding health information (3a), but perceived less difficulty than the younger age groups regarding items that reflected a direct contact with healthcare providers (1b-4b), as well as following instruction from health care providers (2a).
Might students who perceive more difficulties make more efforts to study?
It is generally believed that students who perceive more difficulties in learning seem to obtain worse course achievement, but our study did not confirm this supposition.
Given the numbers are small this could be a chance observation but the finding suggests that children with only a behavioural assessment might have more difficulties perceiving problems with their own behaviour.
> -wrap-foot> aOdds Ratios indicating significant gender differences (reference girls) are given in bold bCategories borderline and abnormal collapsed With respect to age groups, parents perceive difficulties more frequently in the younger children (OR = 1.73; CI 1.26 2.38), particularly for boys.
Respondents who perceived SMBG as a foe, did not always measure their blood glucose concentration less often than those who perceived SMBG as a friend, but they did encounter more difficulties with the measurements.
With regard to the perceived degree of difficulty in GFD compliance, those subjects who reported more difficulties had a lower MCS12 score, but the p-value was not significant (p = 0.08, data not shown).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com