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We summarize the work done by PER scholars that narrowed a similar gap between physics education and the practice of physics in Narrowing the Course Work Practice Gap in Physics.
In this paper, we discuss research-based approaches, first developed by PER scholars, that can be used by biologists to increase student problem-solving mastery and to inform future research into problem solving in biology.
Following the work of PER scholars who introduced the importance of measuring conceptual understanding and sense-making with concept inventories (e.g., Hestenes et al., 1992), biologists have recently developed a variety of such assessments in different subdisciplines of biology (D'Avanzo, 2008).
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To measure research quality, in addition to its Academic Reputation Survey, Times Higher Education weighs the income of research faculty and staff as well as productivity — the number of papers per scholar published in quality, peer-reviewed journals.
National averages of scientific publication output range from two to three publications per year per scholar (Xie and Shauman, 2003).
The program, which is estimated to cost the government about SG$380,000 per scholar, is aimed at attracting the cream of the bachelor's crop.
The program funds up to three scientists at $100,000 per year for a period of three years ($300,000 total per selected Scholar).
Per the scholar Wil Gafney: "The Bible is a wonderfully rich, complicated, challenging, illuminating, revelatory text.
Prof. Bhattacharya has published over 80 articles in leading journals and has over 10,000 citations per Google Scholar.
Fully loaded cost per Dakshana scholar: $2,154 as of 2010.
Propensity scores are commonly used to analyze nonrandomized studies; in fact, the original article that proposed this statistical approach, per Google Scholar, has been cited over 9,000 times (6).
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