With respect to consumers' preference for the label reference unit: per portion or per serving size is preferable to servings listed per 100 g (23, 29, 31, 40).
For each FFQ item, subjects were asked the average frequency of consumption (nine possible responses ranging from never to six or more times per day), the portion size usually consumed (based on a photograph manual with small, medium and large portion sizes) and the number of months during which it had been consumed in the previous year.
Nine frequency choices, ranging from "never/less than once per month" to "2 or more per day" were given, whereas portion size was recorded as small, medium or large.
Subjects were asked to recall the frequency of consumption of individual food items (number of times per day, per week, per month, per year) and the estimated portion size, using local weight units (1 liang =50 g) or natural units (cups).
Value-size pricing involves structuring product prices such that the per unit cost decreases as the portion size increases.
Forty-nine per cent (35/72) manipulated portion size, 14% (10/72) package size and 21% (15/72) tableware size or shape.
When meat consumption was expressed in 'servings' or 'times', we rescaled the consumption to grams per day using 120 g per day as the standard portion size for total and fresh red meat and 50 g as the standard portion size for processed meat (Norat et al, 2002).
Briefly, for rice (japonica rice; round and short grain), participants selected from nine options ranging from <1 bowl per day to ⩾10 bowls per day and rice-bowl portion size: small (110 g of rice), medium (140 g of rice) and large (170 g of rice).
The "Nutrition in Pregnancy" book contained written and pictorial information including common pregnancy complications that may be associated with high degrees of gestational weight gain, healthy eating during pregnancy, food groups with specific examples, recommended number of servings per day, portion sizes (including 'rate your plate'), and food label reading.
