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That is fewer than 2,000 birds culled per outbreak.
(d) The annual mean number of tornadoes per outbreak versus the annual variance of the number of tornadoes per outbreak.
(b and c) Annual mean number of tornadoes per outbreak and annual variance of the number of tornadoes per outbreak.
First, the average number of tornadoes per outbreak has gone up; second, the rapidly increasing variance, or variability, means that numbers well above the average are more common.
For this study, the authors calculated the mean number of tornadoes per outbreak for each year as well as the variance, or scatter, around this mean.
In a paper published in the journal Science, researchers looked at increasing trends in the severity of tornado outbreaks, measured by the number of tornadoes per outbreak.
"The analysis showed that as the mean number of tornadoes per outbreak rose, the variance around that mean rose four times faster.
They found that while the total number of tornadoes rated F/EF1 and higher each year hasn't increased, the average number per outbreak has, rising from about 10 to about 15 since the 1950s.
While no significant trends have been found in either the annual number of reliably reported tornadoes or of outbreaks, recent studies indicate increased variability in large economic and insured losses from U.S. thunderstorms, increases in the annual number of days on which many tornadoes occur, and increases in the annual mean and variance of the number of tornadoes per outbreak.
As a result, thunderstorms transfer more energy per outbreak, and so have to make such transfers less often.
Similar(1)
We observed from Figure 1 some evidence that, after IDSR implementation in 2003, there were lower peaks-of-incidence and possibly lower cumulative total incidence-per-outbreak.
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