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However, the lower rate of melanin production may also lead to similarly sized but duller black badges (i.e. fewer pigment granules deposited per feather), but this was not the case in our experimental photoperiod group.
Make sure that you can use at least two separate sets of double holes per feather and stave, however.
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Data are expressed as pg CORT per mm, not per mg, of feather.
Data values are expressed as pg CORT per mm of feather, which gives a valid estimate of CORT per unit time of feather growth (see [60], [61], [69] for validation).
CORT is deposited per unit time of feather growth which is approximated by length.
White-crowned sparrows have also been shown to replace substantial amounts of plucked feathers without experiencing a rise in RMRmin [41], demonstrating that feather replacement per se can not explain the increased energy demands measured during the molt period.
Molt and breeding take place in all months of the year and the intensity of molt in the primaries and secondaries is so low that there is seldom more than a single feather growing per wave of molt.
Given the tight relationship between molt efficiency and mass-specific metabolic rate in all species studied to date, regardless of life-history pattern, there appears to be underlying costs entrained in the molt period that are proportional to metabolic intensity, but are not due to feather replacement per se.
However, the increase in TH positive neurons found in the Pe in the present study may be more related to the reproductive role for this area, than feather pecking per se.
Each bird sheds an amount of feather dander per day, d t, T c ) = 326 exp(− P(T c )/ t1.64) + 10.8 where P is a decreasing function of the duration of the cohort that measures how quickly birds reach their finishing weight (Islam and Walkden-Brown, 2007; Atkins et al., 2013).
Means and standard error of means (SEM) were calculated for qRRT-PCR results, expressed as log10 vRNA M gene copies per reaction obtained from UPG+ feather tuft samples (n = 5) tested twice in triplicate and virus-contaminated water sample (n = 1) tested thrice in triplicate.
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