Sentence examples for per duplication from inspiring English sources
The nucleotide misincorporation rates by Moloney Murine Leukemia virus (MMLV /SuperScript III reverse transcriptases, Taq and PfuUltra DNA polymerases were assumed 6.0×10−5, 8×10−6 and 0.4×10−6 per bp per duplication, respectively [14].
Here, we estimated the rate of base misincorporation of a widely-used PCR-cloning method, using a single copy mitochondrial gene from a single individual to minimise variation in the template DNA, as 1.62×10−3 errors per site, or 9.26×10−5 per site per duplication.
However, Kobyashi et al. [11], who reported a similar rate of 7.3×10−5 per site per duplication, quantified the amount of DNA present before and after PCR and found that only 16.6 doublings occurred in 25 cycles of PCR, since in later cycles the number of copies tends to plateau.
For each kinase family the ratio of expected to observed counts per duplication event was calculated.
The median duplication span was 191.5 kb and the median number of protein-coding genes per duplication was 38.
In addition, zebrafish differed noticeably from medaka, stickleback, and Tetraodon in average duplication set size, with 4.3 genes per duplication set compared to 5.4 genes per set in the three other species.
These figures were converted into per-duplication misincorporation rate (m) according to the formula of Hayes [21], m = 2(f/d), where f is the frequency of errors observed in the PCR product and d is the number of doublings [12].
This means that either the per-gene duplication rate in more complex organisms is consistently higher than in their simpler counterparts or that their average amino-acid substitution rate is lower.
Lemma 3. Given a source string x, a target string y, If the cost of duplication is 1 per duplicate operation, and the cost of deletion is 1 per delete operation, then (x, y ) = d x, y ).
On average, over 10 whole arm losses or duplications were seen per sample, with a rate of isochromosome formation of 1.6 per genome (duplication of one arm with loss of the opposing arm of the same chromosome).
The strong dependence of per gene duplication rates on family size in higher order BDIMs could be an abstraction of this trend.
