Not a single haplotype is shared between the Peninsular Malaysian population and the rest of the continental populations, and MSN analysis clearly showed the distant relationship between all the populations, particularly continental-insular groups.
Nucleotide diversity and net nucleotide divergence (Da) among M. fascicularis populations revealed the same model of continental-insular relationships and separate Peninsular Malaysian populations from insular populations (Table 5).
Survival of the Peninsular Malaysia population is in doubt, and one of the Sumatran populations may already be extinct.
This clade does not exhibit the deep genetic structure between the Sonoran and Peninsular desert populations found in other co-distributed species [ 19].
Nevertheless, populations from Malaysia are much more closely related to populations in Indochinese regions compared to insular populations, thus supporting the view that Peninsular Malaysia's populations are continental populations belonging to the Indochinese biogeographical regions, as opposed to Sundaic populations.
The MP phylogenetic tree and Bayesian inference phylogenetic tree likewise supported the hypothesis that Peninsular Malaysia's populations are continental populations and revealed continental-insular clade formation, supported by a 92% bootstrap value/1.00 posterior probabilities and a 54% bootstrap value/0.9916 posterior probabilities, respectively.
The analysis also portrayed Cambodia/Vietnam as the connecting point for both populations from Peninsular Malaysia and insular populations; the fewest mutational steps to their respective haplotypes were found.
Cactophilic D. mojavensis from the Sonoran Desert is one such species; mainland and peninsular Baja California populations exhibit significant premating isolation, the natural biology of the populations has been well-studied, and its full genome has been sequenced [ 22- 24].
The ecology and biogeography of D. mojavensis have been extensively studied [37], [38], [39] where peninsular Baja California populations carry out their life cycles in pitaya agria cactus, Stenocereus gummosus, and mainland Mexico populations use organ pipe cactus, S. thurberi, with occasional use of sina cactus, S. alamosensis, with which it sometimes shares with D. arizonae.
A cross-sectional study was conducted among 513 railway workers involving eight major states within Peninsular Malaysia using population-based sampling.
