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The intermediate states indicate a potential substrate penetration pathway through the interface of TM2 and TM6, which may be induced by changes of TM9.
Visualising the penetration pathway of a lipophilic model dye into the hair follicle of fresh unfixed human skin would facilitate optimisation of drug formulations for local delivery to the pilosebaceous unit.
Multi-dimensionally interconnected pore-loaded structures offer much enhanced surface area and abundant gas penetration pathway into the inner sensing layers, which are essential requirements for effective gas adsorption-desorption reactions, fast gas diffusion, and high gas response.
In the past, it was assumed that the intercellular route was the only relevant penetration pathway for topically applied substances.
It had been suggested that macropinocytosis was involved in the penetration pathway of arginine-rich CPPs [ 19, 20].
33– 35 In general, the penetration pathway and rate of diffusion of released drugs depend on their lipophilicity/hydrophilicity, their molecular weight, and the carrier type.
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This information can be used to determine penetration pathways in the skin.
Physical barriers were designed using a hydrophobic photo-resist polymer which defined the liquid penetration pathways on the fabric surface.
Three penetration pathways have been described for topically applied substances: the intercellular, the transcellular, and the transfollicular route.
The two barriers are not successive; rather, they are associated with the two retinal penetration pathways: choroid capillaries for the outer BRB and retinal capillaries for the inner BRB.
PEN2 and PEN3 function in the same penetration resistance pathway in Arabidopsis which is independent of PEN1.
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