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Leakage, or the penetration of particles through cracks or gaps in building envelopes, has also been extensively studied both experimentally and theoretically.
Here, therefore, we decided to examine the antibacterial activity of an NP antibiotic mixture and to simultaneously investigate the penetration of particles into agar.
This enhancement was due to erosion of liquid film caused by penetration of particles into the mass transfer film.
To estimate penetration of particles between filters and subsequent deposition on inner surfaces we modelled transport of particles by Brownian diffusion between two parallel discs (Figure 3) put in environment with constant particle number concentration n 0. Figure 3 Diagram for two parallel discs.
Only a small number of studies investigated the penetration of particles across diseased animal or human skin.
Penetration of particles > 1 μm is limited through healthy skin except in areas that have been scratched, injured, or mechanically stretched.
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Results suggested that a significant contribution to indoor particles was from penetration of outdoor particles, whereas indoor sources generated from occupant activity did not show strong evidence.
Three different modes of cold-spray impact were compared; aluminium particles onto a piezoelectric ceramic (PZT), aluminium particles onto copper, and deep penetration of copper particles into aluminium.
This relation can well explain the large penetration depths of particles.
With a knowledge of particle trajectories one can examine the spatial distribution of deposition or the penetration efficiencies of particles in bifurcations.
Liu and Nazaroff [62] developed a simple mathematical model to estimate the penetration efficiency of particles, and it has been successfully used in several experimental studies since then [63, 64]. Figure 7 shows a solution of the Nazaroff equation.
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