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Models of the temperature dependence of the critical current and the penetration field have been developed, to describe the temperature dependence of the hysteresis losses.
In a stack the penetration field is increased and the magnetisation loss below penetration is greatly decreased, compared to the behaviour of a single tape.
The first penetration field Bc1p of the magnetic flux, the decoupling field Bdp of the filament coupling, and the width of the Mp at a given field are directly proportional to the twist pitch.
We found that below the penetration field and in part of the sample, current flux lines are not rectangular and significantly bend in the direction parallel to the applied field.
The analysis indicates that the observed out-of-balance voltage in the LHD can be explained by a difference in magnetic hysteresis between two symmetric coils, caused by differences in the penetration field and coupling time constant between the conductors.
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The soil physical properties evaluated through on-farm and laboratory soil analyses were: bulk density, degree of compactness, macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity, water-filled pore space, indexes of soil water storage and aeration capacity, soil resistance to penetration, field-saturated hydraulic conductivity and stability structural index.
Prompt penetration electric field is generally composed of convection electric field and over shielding electric field.
Thus the prompt penetration electric field enhances the daytime eastward dynamo field.
The perturbation electric fields originate from (1) ionospheric dynamo modified by perturbation winds due to upward propagating waves in the form of gravity waves, planetary waves, and non-migrating tides (green box), and (2) prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) and disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF) during magnetospheric disturbances (blue box).
Two types of storm time electric fields are considered: (1) the prompt penetration electric field that occurs during a sub-storm development and short-term recovery phases (e.g. Kikuchi et al. 2008) and (2) the disturbance dynamo electric field that occurs during recovery phase of a storm (Fejer et al. 2008).
The eastward penetration electric field that enhances the PRE is known as the "under-shielding" electric field (or the "prompt-penetration electric field," PPEF) that follows a sudden southward turning of the IMF (e.g., Huang et al. 2005; Tulasi Ram et al. 2008).
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