Immediately beneath the hyphopodia, the pre-penetration apparatus (PPA) develops to guide hyphal penetration.
The pre-penetration apparatus (PPA), an intracellular pre-infection structure, is formed in the host cells to determine the penetration path of fungal hypha from the epidermis to the cortex (Genre et al. 2005, Oldroyd 2013, Recorbet et al. 2013).
The most remarkable cytological response of the infected host cells is the development of a cytoplasmatic pre-penetration apparatus (PPA).
Fungal hyphae form appressoria on the surface of the epidermis, triggering development of a pre-penetration apparatus (PPA), a structure thought to guide invading hyphae through the epidermal and the first cortical cells [ 24].
Open image in new window Fig. 2 Schematic of pressure penetration test apparatus (Xu et al. 2005).
Aiming for the coupled effect of sustained compressive loading and chloride penetration, an improved test apparatus, which is compared with the traditional gravimetric measurement, was designed to real-timely and continuously measure the amount of water solution absorbed by the cylindrical hollow concrete specimen under sustained loading.
Answer: Penetration of the Iranian nuclear apparatus at the highest levels.
The effects of temperature and moisture on the response of graphite/epoxy laminated composites to high strain rate penetration loading using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar apparatus was investigated.
This paper describes the design and implementation of a new laboratory apparatus to model the recently proposed rotary-percussive penetration (RPP) technology to be applied in tunnel boring machines (TBMs).
Tissue samples were obtained from the medial part of the right gastrocnemius muscle using the percutaneous needle biopsy technique (biopsy apparatus: Bard, Covington, GA, USA; diameter: 2.5 mm; penetration depth: 22 mm).
In particular, we provide analytical formulas to model the behavior of the apparatus in the transient regime, keeping into account eddy current effects and the finite penetration velocity of the driving fields.
