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To avoid overfitting by inclusion of too many edges in the networks, we use the Bayesian information criterion (BIC; Schwarz, 1978) as fitness score, which penalizes higher numbers of edges and is calculated from the likelihood [Equation (5)]: where K is the number of edges in Φ and n is the number of data points in X.
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It penalizes high leverage.
Since L 2-norm regularization penalizes high-frequency components severely, the solution tends to become oversmoothed.
The main disadvantage of this formulation is that it penalizes high gradients of u and disallows discontinuities.
Ultimately the problem is one of incentives: Our current system puts too much emphasis on individual achievement and too often penalizes high-minded principle.
In addition to these measures, it is common to calculate the F-measure, which is a harmonic average between recall and precision that penalizes high divergence between the precision and recall.
But for records that are compilations, soundtracks, seasonal or other specialty titles that either aren't allowed a streaming audience based on contract, are windowed, or haven't found that audience yet for another reason, the consumption chart penalizes high sellers that are not credited with streams by streaming services.
It penalizes high-degree "promiscuous" interactors since the probability of occurrence of an interaction with this type of partner is high in a random network.
This term penalizes high displacement differences within one time step disproportionally and therefore will tend to favor the modeling of smooth motion.
But penalizing higher earners would reduce their work incentives.
The hypothesis of perfect information involves no stress on the part of the user, therefore searching time is not penalized higher than travel in-vehicle time.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com