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Twice-weekly blood samples were collected for NEFA analysis and cow interactions within the pen were observed.
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Each pen was observed by each observer (one observer per one pen at a time) during sessions of 20 min over three consecutive days.
Each pen was observed for 4 × 1 min in the morning and also in the afternoon.
All pens were observed during rearing on alternate weeks.
Calving of over 90% of the cows in individual calving pens was observed in only three farms (18%).
In this study, diarrheic pools on the pen floor were observed in 51%% of the pens only although diarrhoeic pigs were present in 89 % of the pens.
Differences in bunk utilization between peak type and pen row type were observed; tertiary bunk utilization with 2-row pens was significantly lower than bunk utilization with 3-row pens and significantly lower than either primary or secondary bunk utilization in 2-row pens.
They returned to their home pen where they were observed for 6 min (post-consummatory phase).
Five focal birds per pen (200 birds total) were observed by focal sampling during 3 min per week, from 1 to 6 weeks of age.
They were observed suckling pen mates on an average of 21% of the observation periods (SD ±7% of observation periods) each.
Among the subset of patients for whom pre- and post-index HbA1c data were available, larger decreases in HbA1c, indicating better glycemic control, were observed in the pen cohort compared with the vial cohort.
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