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Each pen was observed by each observer (one observer per one pen at a time) during sessions of 20 min over three consecutive days.
Each pen was observed for 4 × 1 min in the morning and also in the afternoon.
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Twice-weekly blood samples were collected for NEFA analysis and cow interactions within the pen were observed.
Calving of over 90% of the cows in individual calving pens was observed in only three farms (18%).
All pens were observed during rearing on alternate weeks.
Suckling of pen mates and being suckled by pen mates was observed in all calves of both groups.
In Aspergillus nidulans a relation between peroxisome function and PEN production was observed as well [17].
Binding of Pen-2 to the complex activates the active site, and binding of Pen-2 was observed to have an allosteric effect on TM6 (Takeo et al., 2012).
A lower frequency of these behaviors was observed in pens with hiding walls, which might indicate a lower stress level.
Strain diversity was observed within pens, individual cattle and the environment.
Strain diversity was observed within pens, individual animals and their environment.
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