It is also a time when children, while still influenced by their family, experience a strong peer orientation and spend considerable energy cultivating and maintaining friendships.
Reynolds: Back in the 1960s, peer orientation was deemed important for a child's development.
The dependence of children on parents and caretakers [ 12, 14, 20] and the shift of parent orientation to peer orientation in adolescence [ 34] should be assessed.
90% of the participants said they had received training in HIV guidelines (62% through the standard training and 28% through peer orientation).
To our knowledge, no study exists that considered age-related variations in parental pressure, but developmental theories have suggested a decrease in adult orientation and an increase in peer orientation for appearance-related issues beginning in early adolescence [ 28, 32, 33].
Regarding urban African American youth, variables from multiple domains (e.g., personal background, school achievement, family-peer orientations, psychogenic orientations, health attitudes, and behaviors) have been shown to influence smoking initiation (Brunswick and Messeri 1984).
As to parents' and peers' acculturation orientations, I ki and Ī k belong to the interval (1, + ∞), respectively.
The components of identity in brackets before e i show that parents' and peers' acculturation orientations, ethnicity and locus of control affect the utility from a given effort level.
Women who accepted these conditions were scheduled for a peer educator orientation session.
Finally, all women who completed the peer education orientation and at least one supervision session were invited to participate in a qualitative interview (N = 11) and a 3-month follow-up interview (N = 9).
In school, children may frequently be exposed also to the influence of the group of peers sharing a common ethnic socio-economic and cultural background; the acculturation orientations of peers are represented by Ī k and behave similar to the ones of parents.
