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A peak gradient > 50 mm Hg is considered to be severe obstruction.
This technique allows for a functional assessment of coarctation including quantification of peak gradient and collateral flow.
The peak gradient can be calculated using the modified Bernoulli equation, ∆P = 4V2, where ∆P is the pressure gradient and V is peak velocity.
The resulting 2-D conduction problem is parametrized in terms of the Biot number Bi and the heat transfer coefficient distribution, expressed by the change in magnitude ρ and the peak gradient γ, as well as the proximity of the gradient region to a symmetry plane.
These experiments showed that anions (Cl−, Br−, I−) and cations (Na+, Li+, K+, Mg2+) are attractive when peak gradient concentrations are 2 20 mM [3].
The imaging experiments were performed using a 1.5 T whole-body scanner (Magnetom VISION; Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) with a peak gradient amplitude of 25 mT/m and a slew rate of 83 T/m/second.
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Hearing loss in this population was accompanied by ear drum dysfunction, as measured by abnormal membrane peak height, gradient, or volume.
Two younger patients had severe homograft stenosis with peak gradients of 100 and 62 mm Hg.
Compared to the experimental values the pressure peaks, gradients, overall pressure levels, flow accelerations and decelerations are very well matched.
Parameters known to influence the heterogeneity (distances between deviating peaks, gradients and size compensations) were incorporated into the algorithm.
Echocardiography demonstrates left ventricular hypertrophy, an ejection fraction of 50%, no evidence of mitral regurgitation, and severe aortic stenosis (AS) with a peak aortic gradient of 4.8 m/s (92 mm Hg) and a mean aortic gradient of 55 mm Hg.
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