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17 Aortic flow was quantified using cross-sectional phase contrast images with contouring of the aortic lumen to provide a peak forward flow velocity (m/s), forward flow volume (ml), backward flow volume (ml) for the calculation of trans-valvular pressure gradient (Bernoulli equation) and regurgitant fraction.
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Peak S and D pulmonary vein forward flow velocities were measured.
Second, moving clockwise around the circle corresponds to moving this peak forward through the 24‐h period.
Peak flow was reached within ~25 ms and maintained for ~25 ms. After peak flow, there is a rapid period of flow reversal followed by a diminution of forward flow velocity before a repeat of the cardiac cycle beginning with rapid ejection during the onset of systole.
We divide all these problems into three types: forward flow, backward flow, and self-solving flow.
The flow pattern in the arterial flow is characterized by a small forward flow during systole (S wave) with a large forward flow during diastole (D wave).
c Further progression with diastolic flow reversal as raised ICP prevents forward flow in MCA, and even induces backwards flow.
UAR influenced forward flow in TTJV of the model lung.
Dividing the backward flow by the forward flow, the regurgitation fraction is derived [ 29, 30] (Figs. 4, 5).
In conclusion, UAR influenced forward flow of TTJV in the model lung.
Fig. 5 The forwarding flow chart.
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