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Three levels of peak compressive force, three cycle rates and two dynamic postural conditions were examined using a full-factorial design.
A significant main effect of peak compressive force (p=0.0003) was also observed in IVD height loss calculated from the surface profiles of the IVD.
Previous research suggests that when the magnitude of peak compressive force applied during cyclic loading exceeds 30% of a functional spinal unit's estimated ultimate compressive tolerance, fatigue failure of the cartilaginous endplate or vertebra will occur before intervertebral disc herniation.
A significant three-way interaction (p=0.0092) between the magnitude of peak compressive force, cycle rate and degree of postural deviation was observed in cycle-varying specimen height loss data.
The loading device was calibrated using a load cell (Model LLB130, FUTEK Advanced Sensor Technology, Irvine, CA) to determine peak compressive force for increasing actuator voltage.
Pre-load was established at 0.5 N, and peak forces during three trials at each of six input voltages were averaged using manufacturer-provided software to establish a linear equation relating actuator voltage and peak compressive force.
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Sudden or unexpected posture changes may lead to injury through generation of high peak compressive forces.
Rapidly or awkwardly lifting objects or accidents during manual handling can generate peak compressive forces higher than injury threshold, but may also create torsional, shear or bending moments which injure the spine if it is inadequately stabilised [ 11].
One study employing kinetic and EMG analysis reported, compared to normal gait, Tai Chi exhibits distinct peak compressive forces, larger peak shear forces in the ankle, knee and hip joints, and larger peak moments in the knee and hip joints [ 59].
No formulation, however, exhibited any variation in compressive modulus or peak compressive strength over time.
Table 2 Average peak compressive strength and compressive toughness index (CTI).
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