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Note that this agreement makes the player k1's payoff decrease from 0.6 to 1/3.
In this study, giving in AI condition reduces self-interest, increase others' payoff, decreases inequity, and increases efficiency (i.e., total reward), whereas taking in DI condition reduces self-interest, decrease others' payoff, decrease inequity, and decrease efficiency.
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When (mu_{{theta_{text{r}} }}) decreases, the warehouse's payoff decreases as well.
In this paper, we consider a delay-sensitive Wi-Fi model for offloading services; mobile devices are sensitive to delay and their payoff decreases as delay increases.
Bearing in mind that if Iran try to change its policy to Dare (D), its payoff decreases from 2 to 1. Iran might be able to convince Iraq to chicken out and in this condition Iran can exploit the fields in a more suitable situation.
Uncertainty affects punishment levels in the PGGs: for example, even if the information about behaviour of group partners (if they cooperate or free ride) is not reliable [ 17], people still punish, even though their net payoffs decrease [ 18].
Subjects make decisions from a menu of one-shot games, deciding in each between a certain payoff option and an option with payoffs decreasing in the number of individuals that choose it.
We would evaluate the strategy of player i as unkind if the kindness function is negative as the kindness function of player i is negative only when she is sacrificing her own material payoffs to decrease the material payoffs of player j.
However, if only one country exploits the fields trying to maximize its production, the fields may not be damaged entirely, but their long-term benefits would be minimal, and the other country's payoff would decrease because of the revenue losses from a lower extraction rate.
The shorter payoff period decreases the net gain to migration; thus, it lowers the probability of migration (Borjas 2012).
This means that payoff bias decreases the frequency of altruists in every group unless groups are small enough or migration rates are low enough that there is enough relatedness within groups to create a compensating inclusive fitness benefit (or equivalently, maintain sufficient variation among groups so that there is sufficient between group selection in favor of altruists).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com