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While a foreign exchange food security fund has both fiscal and monetary implications (e.g. tax revenues or borrowings to establish the fund, a positive balance of payments item and earnings on the fund until it is needed), a physical commodity stock reserve has mainly fiscal implications if purchased locally, but also monetary if acquired through imports.
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As the range of payment items suggests, this system contains both activity-based incentives and performance-based incentives.
The diversification of payment systems in Swedish dental care introduced new incentives for caregivers as well as for patients [ 8, 22]; for example, payment per item of dental care (fee-for-service payment) offers an incentive for the caregiver to match the magnitude of treatment proposed to the patient to his/her available time, so called supplier-induced demand.
Etsy earlier this month said it has so far processed $700 million in payments for items, and is on track to sell 100 million items by the end of this year.
About $600 million of that total has been spent on ground rent, loan payments and items covered by business interruption insurance.
Discretionary spending includes everything in the budget except the automatic payments for items like Social Security benefits and interest payments on the national debt.
Led by The Telegraph, newspapers last year regaled their readers with articles about legislators' use of their parliamentary expense accounts for questionable mortgage payments and items like a floating house for pet ducks and repairs to a clock tower at a country mansion.
In combination with payment by item of service, these arrangements make it difficult for physicians to challenge patient health beliefs [ 89] and intensify the conflict of interest between present doctors or parents (to prescribe) and future patients (to withhold).
Under this act, manufacturers of drugs, medical devices and biologicals participating in US federal health care programmes are required to report certain payments and items of value given to physicians and teaching hospitals (eg, speaking fees, consulting arrangements, and free food).
Farmer payments are items and foods that you give a nearby farmer to watch over your patch.
The law generally prohibits payment for items and services that are "not reasonable and necessary for the diagnosis or treatment of illness or injury, or to improve the functioning of a malformed body member".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com