In the Czech environment, [30] takes advantage of the co-payment exemption for children introduced in 2009 and uses children's drug consumption as a treatment group and drug consumption among adults as a control group.
For ease of administration, the President's Proposal changes the payment exemption from the Senate policy (individuals with income below the poverty threshold) to individuals with income below the tax filing threshold (the House policy).
Low SES was the designation for individuals who received National Insurance payment exemption because of low income.
All children are automatically exempt from payment in line with the policy in state funded dental care in England; therefore, only adult payment exemption status was analysed in this study.
Moreover, NHI is found to reduce out-of-pocket medical expenditures more for households with lowest income than those with lower and middle incomes possibly due to the co-payment exemption provided to the lowest-income households.
Initially made to improve access to healthcare, the hasty introduction of payment exemption has sometimes ended in the opposite situation by increasing drug shortages and/or de-motivation of health workers.
In the absence of an electronic therapeutic plan, the indication for use was derived from hospital discharge diagnoses (ICD9-CM for cancer: 140* 239*; ICD9-CM for CKD: 583*, 585*, 586*; ICD9-CM for myelodysplastic syndrome: 238.72 238.75) and reasons for healthcare service co-payment exemption (cancer: 048; CKD: 023), from the period before to 60 days after the index date.
However, co-payment exemptions are available for the chronically ill.
χ tests were conducted to investigate the relationship between delegation and patient age group, gender, smoking status, payment-exemption status, and social deprivation.
Co-payment exemptions have also been established for childbirth and preventive health services, low-income households, veterans and their dependents and people residing in mountainous areas or on offshore islands.
These data can be linked through unique and anonymous patient identifiers to other claims databases, which contain several types of information, including causes of hospitalization and reasons for healthcare service co-payment exemptions.
