Moreover, the type of informal payments, beneficiary of these payments, reasons for making informal payments, perceived effects of payments and attitudes toward the presence of informal payments were also investigated.
During stakeholder feedback interviews and focus groups, we found that IPs are sometimes referred to locally in three categories: conditioned payments (perceived by patients as necessary in order to receive services), facilitation payments (offered voluntarily by patients to obtain something outside the basic service package entitlement), and gifts (given freely to express gratitude).
Opponents were outraged at the payments, perceiving them as an attempt to buy votes, and complained to state officials.
A large share of Hungarian health care consumers has a rather positive attitude towards informal payments, perceiving them as "inevitable due to the low funding of the health care system".
Peng et al. (2013) indicated in their study on adoption intention of mobile payments that perceived risk restricted mobile payment adoption.
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Three studies report that informal patient payments are perceived as tradition and gratuity [ 31, 33, 34], and two studies report that these payments are perceived as illegal behavior and corruption [ 35, 36].
Toyama attributes the popularity of Yunus' microcredit among the philanthropic crowd to something much simpler: low risk and guaranteed return in the form of interest payments and perceived poverty reduction on the ground.
Increasingly, informal payments are perceived in the academic literature as a form of corruption [ 33].
Barriers to enrolment include insufficient information, unaffordability of payments and perceived administrative complexity.
