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To make that figure meaningful, you would square it and come up with the so-called coefficient of determination in this case 0.18 which tells us that only 18% of the variability in batters' pay is explained by differences in their batting averages.
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In several of the industries with large wage gaps that she has studied, the difference in pay rates is explained largely by a single factor: These industries — the legal and finance professions, for instance — tend to more richly compensate people who are willing to work long, inflexible hours.
Some think the gender pay gap is explained by the fact that women are more inclined to take career breaks to look after children, while others believe it's because women typically work in lower-paid industries than men.
Moreover, we find evidence that the recent evolution of the pay gap is explained by the process of fiscal consolidation, rather than by the changes in the factors with explanatory power in the cross section; see Section 3.2.
For example, if X has a right to be paid £10 by Y, then this is explained by saying that Y has a duty, the performance of which (handing over the £10) is intended to benefit X.
It found that, while some of the pay increase could be explained by improvements in these areas, a "significant proportion" of the rise in vice-chancellors' pay bore no relation to performance.Bachan said: " significant proportion of the sizeable annual increases are not easily explainable in terms of university performance, and this raises some concern".
And while part of that pay gap can be explained away, there is still a significant piece that cannot.
A study by Jan Brueckner and David Neumark of the University of California, Irvine, finds that within America there may be more flab in public-sector pay packets in states like coastal California than wintry Wisconsin.The two economists work out the fraction of American workers' pay that cannot be explained by factors such as differences in education and experience.
(To be precise, there was a trivial 3% of the variation in pay that could be explained by the variation in shareholder returns).
She claimed that "22% of the gender pay gap can be explained by the industries and occupations in which women work", adding: "But it also costs our economy significant amounts".
That means less than a fifth of the gender pay gap can be explained by career choices women make.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com