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For example, systems which allow the public to report pavement defects, such as potholes, provide cities or municipalities with valuable, free information [63, 80].
In addition, the utilization of remote sensing methods is not limited to the identification and analysis of pavement defects and distress from weathering or service loads.
Due to the rapid growth of vehicles and traffic accidents caused by road pavement defects, road safety has become a pressing concern worldwide.
Moisture damage in asphaltic mixtures occurs due to the weak cohesion and adhesion that causes the creation of different forms of pavement defects.
Furthermore, the crack classification will be sent to a main server to keep track of the pavement defects with the help of a GPS device and a cellular modem.
More recently, in 1987 the US Department of Transportation's Strategic Highway Research Program sponsored the Long-Term Pavement Performance Program (LTPP) to identify, collect, and catalog pavement defects and signs of deterioration [87].
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Homozygotes for the katanin loss-of-function allele ktn1-3 exhibit severe pavement cell shape defects, consistent with the role of MTs in neck formation (Lin et al., 2013).
For example, mutations that affect the actin cytokeleton, targeted vesicle secretion, and non-cellulosic components of the extracellular matrix cause pavement cell growth defects [rev. in: [ 16, 25]].
It has been reported that two mutually antagonistic signalling pathways, the ROP2-actin and ROP6-MT pathways, regulate the development of leaf pavement cells and that defects in the two pathways lead to deficient polarity during leaf pavement cell growth [ 20, 31, 32, 40], similar to the phenotype of OE plants.
As for the flexible pavements, based on these defects the road may show low rideability quality or eventually be closed to traffic.
IR thermography was also utilized by [31] to identify non-emergent defects in asphalt pavement.
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