High activation of MAPKs arrests cell cycle and channeling towards pavement cell differentiation [4], [12].
Pavement cell shape became more complex over time.
The relationships between AMBs and pavement cell expansion are less obvious, and may vary depending on the cell type and/or the particular stage of pavement cell morphogenesis.
This could be due to an increased pavement cell production through extended stomatal lineage amplification divisions and/or to more pavement cell symmetric divisions.
Despite genetic and ultrastructural descriptions of pavement cell growth there is still very little clear knowledge about the geometry and cellular dynamics of pavement cell shape change.
Mechanical forces regulate pavement cell shape by controlling microtubule organization and cellulose deposition.
In pXVE:HA-EDM2-a plants wild type pavement cell morphology is restored.
The mutation caused significant distortion of trichomes and altered pavement cell morphology compared to wild type.
(E ) 3D rendering of pavement cell topography as obtained by atomic force microscopy.
In the epidermis, lateral isotropic growth is independent of pavement cell size and shape.
This phenotype may be a consequence of the altered leaf pavement cell shape.
