This phase is followed by a pause during formation of the first ten somites.
In our in vitro system translating di-lysine messages, we are able to observe sliding when consecutive AAA-codons are present because we force a strong pause after MKK formation by leaving out downstream factors required for translation to proceed.
These elemental pauses can be subsequently stabilized into longer-lived pauses by the formation of a hairpin structure in the nascent RNA transcript or by RNAP backtracking (Artsimovitch and Landick, 2000; Herbert et al., 2008).
A Fire Department chaplain read Scripture, and then the assembled firefighters passed by Firefighter Beddia's grave in formation, pausing to salute in pairs.
Equally famous are its neighbors, two hypnotic close-ups of Seurat's mother, her face bathed in a half-light so subtle and diffuse that the images seem made of millions of atoms that have simply paused in perfect formation, like Busby Berkeley dancers.
Hairpins are known to pause RT, and their formation is dependent on ionic strength but not the identity of the ions.
Instead, disruption of pausing dynamics by FP may feed back on transcription initiation and decrease the formation of paused Pol II.
Some transcription factors stimulate the formation of paused Pol II, others recruit P-TEFb directly or indirectly to facilitate the escape of paused Pol II, while others do both (Blau et al., 1996; Rahl et al., 2010; Danko et al., 2013; Li and Gilmour, 2013).
In a nod to the high-profile flub during the opening ceremony, one group purposefully paused before the iconic formation was completed.
RNAPs which contained less net negative charges at all three regions showed lower +45 pausing, no Ø-loop formation and nucleosome displacement.
