Despite this, the incidence of pauperism was higher in England and Wales, and expenditure per pauper was greater.
One thing is certain, though: given that China has so effectively hauled much of its population out of pauperism, and with North Korea statistically dark, sub-Saharan Africa has the most extreme examples of urban impoverishment.
He proposed to remedy pauperism and vice by means of: homes for the homeless; training centres to prepare emigrants for oversea colonies; rescue homes for fallen women; homes for released prisoners; legal aid for the poor; and practical help for the alcoholic.
These changes were paralleled in society by the gradual extinction of pauperism, the domination of middle-class businessmen and professional men, and the gradual improvement of the conditions of working people and farmers, especially after the mid-19th century.
To their moral outrage at the conditions that were reducing many workers to pauperism, the radical critics of industrial capitalism added a faith in the power of people to put science and an understanding of history to work in the creation of a new and glorious society.
To prevent "the free propagation of the stock of those who are seriously afflicted by lunacy, feeble-mindedness, habitual criminality, and pauperism," he urged "stern compulsion," which might take the form of marriage restrictions or even sterilization.
"Monday 4 P.M. Committee of the pauperism Society on the subject of a Savings Bank," Pintard wrote, accounting for a typical week in his life.
In it, Mr. McCulloch answered a gigantic question in the burgeoning field of heredity at a time when the concept of "race" divided not just white and black, but white people themselves: How could Americans of supposedly the finest racial stocks — English, Saxon and Anglo-Saxon — engender a long history of pauperism and crime?
It took on a new force in the early industrial era, which saw an unprecedented growth in pauperism.
Put bluntly, if you think that what has happened to the advanced countries' working classes – how over four decades they have sunk from semi-prosperity into pauperism – was a one-off event driven by the magical, unanswerable forces of globalisation, then you've missed the point.
"It's 'come to our school and we'll guarantee pauperism as long as you stay here'".
