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The residual stress produced by various laser shock peening patterns was measured using the contour method.
The number of regular patterns was measured using a threshold value for CV2 ranging from 0 to 2 with an increment of 0.02.
The strength of synchronization of regular patterns was measured using a standard score, the Z score of the amplitude of the central peak of the cross-correlogram [21]: Z = (Nc−Ne)/ SDe), with Nc the number of spikes in the central peak (bin = 5 ms), Ne the mean number of spikes in a 2 sec window between −1 and 1 sec, and SDe its standard deviation.
The fluorescence of the produced patterns was measured as described below in order to check the slope of the gradient.
The similarity between two probe-set patterns was measured as the correlation coefficient (CC) between them by using the formula shown below, (1) C C = ∑ i = 1 n f i A - f A ¯ f i B - f B ¯ ∑ i = 1 n f i A - f A ¯ ∑ i = 1 n f i B - f B ¯ where f i A and f i B represent the frequencies of probe i in organism A and organism B, respectively, and n denotes the number of probes.
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Differentiation patterns were measured by flow cytometry.
The tillering patterns were measured on individual plants.
Wall pressures and flow patterns were measured during both silo filling and emptying.
Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns were measured with a Rigaku Ultimate VI X-ray diffractometer (40 kV, 40 mA) using CuKα (λ = 1.5406 Å) radiation.
X-ray diffraction patterns were measured under high pressures of 0 24 GPa, and suggest a structural transition at 15 GPa.
Toward this object, self-pulsation frequency and spray patterns are measured by laser diagnostics and indirect photography.
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