Phylogenetic trees - representations of evolutionary relationships among a set of taxa - can be used in the classroom to illustrate the patterns and timescale of evolutionary change (Catley and Novick 2009; Mead 2009).
In total, 113 individuals from 19 localities were sampled, and variations in the chalcone synthase gene (Chs) intron and leafy (Lfy) intron-2 sequences of nuclear DNA were examined in order to assess phylogeographic patterns, the timescales of demographic and evolutionary events, and recent anthropogenic effects.
As a result, particular investigations of the spatial and temporal (especially short term timescale) patterns of the Rb/Sr ratio are necessary before using the Rb/Sr ratios of the lake sediments to study the weathering intensity in the catchment.
Next we investigated how information was encoded by neuronal patterns on different timescales.
For 'faster' stimuli (e.g. with abrupt changes in luminance), patterns on short timescales are evoked and they are stimulus-locked with higher precision.
Hence, for flashed letter sequences, information about stimulus identity was best encoded in the temporal sequence of stimulus-locked, fast patterns (evolving on timescales of ∼10 ms).
Each spike was jittered independently with a given amount of noise (SD between 0 100 ms) as this is expected to interfere with patterns evolving on timescales smaller than the jitter.
A major finding of this study is the identification of two network architectures, with either a gradient of local connectivity or a gradient of long-distance connection length, that give rise to activity patterns with localized timescales.
With regards to both light and odor stimulation protocols, the data comprised stimulation patterns on diverse timescales and with varying stimulus durations: 10 linear and nonlinear ramps lasting less than 25 s and one 'naturalistic' stimulus lasting more than 200 s.
These patterns evolve on multiple timescales, while the timescale that will be expressed for a particular stimulus will depend on the temporal dynamics of the latter.
