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The cultural diversity of Asia is greater than that of any other continent, because it represents ethnic types and linguistic systems that have evolved over long periods of time in separated regional homelands with distinct physical environments, as well as repeated patterns of modification and intermixture that have resulted from both peaceful and militant migrations.
By the mid-nineteenth century, various sources of evidence had accumulated which pointed to the relatedness between species, their common descent, and patterns of modification.
However, the great majority of bulk histones analysed by western blotting or microscopy, are derived from intergenic chromatin and the patterns of modification observed will not necessarily reflect those present across individual genes.
From a structural point of view, different patterns of modification by eicosanoids with different structure were encountered, with single enone compounds preferentially modifying C118, which is present in all three Ras proteins, and dienone compounds, like 15d-PGJ2, binding preferentially to the C-terminal peptide containing C181 and 184, present only in H-Ras.
Figure 3a shows the global distribution patterns of modification events in libraries.
As expected, however, several of these studies have also illustrated that oxLDL generated in vivo is heterogeneous with distinctive patterns of modification on lipid and protein moieties, implicating the potential that oxLDL with antigenicity to a specific monoclonal antibody does not necessarily bind to and elicit biological actions via LOX-1.
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A major advantage of top-down MS is that combinatorial patterns of modifications that exist on a single histone molecule can be identified [38], which is particularly valuable in outlining the global landscape of PTMs on histone proteins.
Instead, patterns of modifications co-occur within spatially defined chromatin states.
DNA replication poses a significant challenge to histone-modification based memory as patterns of modifications must be faithfully transmitted to daughter DNA strands (Steffen and Ringrose, 2014).
Therefore, histones are modified locally and globally through multiple histone-modifying enzymes with different substrate specificities, generating hierarchical patterns of modifications from single promoters to large regions of chromosomes and even single cells.
The recognition of distribution patterns of modifications at both the local (gene) and global (chromosome) levels are usually required to infer biologically meaningful conclusions (Hayashi et al., 2007; Li et al., 2008).
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