Rice cropping systems are diverse because genetic, environmental and management factors (G × E × M combinations) influence the spatio-temporal patterns of cultivation.
Additionally, seasonal and longer-term shifting patterns of cultivation can sometimes appear as permanent landscape change when in fact they actually are simply a local change in spatial arrangement.
Other spatial factors also come into play, such as what types of barrier exist (e.g. rivers and roads) between forest and farmland [10], the patterns of cultivation [11], levels of human activity [12] and preferences for particular crops [13].
"The problem is that the usual pattern of cultivation has been thrown up in the air.
Changes in the pattern of cultivation relate directly to cultivation, land yield, and labour productivity.
Improvement of the pattern of cultivation may be inhibited, however, by traditional attitudes, the lack of skills, or the scarcity of capital.
Another difficulty is that changes in the pattern of cultivation are usually long-term investments that may be too slow to satisfy immediate pressures for reform.
While other types of reform may influence productivity indirectly by enhancing security of tenure and the scale of operation, improvements in the pattern of cultivation affect productivity directly, through advances in technology, improved irrigation, and the application of chemicals.
Land reform has therefore become synonymous with agrarian reform or a rapid improvement of the agrarian structure, which comprises the land tenure system, the pattern of cultivation and farm organization, the scale of farm operation, the terms of tenancy, and the institutions of rural credit, marketing, and education.
Whether it is called land reform or agrarian reform, the operational concept covers five main types of reform, classified according to whether they deal with land title and terms of holding, land distribution, the scale of operation, the pattern of cultivation, or supplementary measures such as credit, marketing, or extension services.
The main producers for all therapeutic proteins are Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells because of their human-like protein expression capabilities, authentic glycosylation patterns, ease of cultivation, and genetic modification (Wurm 2004).
