To discriminate between the effects of incomplete lineage sorting and gene flow in setting this pattern, we estimated migration rates among species using both F ST -based estimators of gene flow, which assume migration-drift equilibrium, and a coalescent approach based on a model of divergence with gene flow.
Based on the diffraction pattern, we estimated that the graphene layer distance varies between +0.015 and −0.025 nm at 1,300°C compared to that of RT.
To follow up on these descriptive patterns, we estimated multivariate models estimating the likelihood of ECEC use as a function of the child, parent, and family characteristics.
To evaluate quantitatively locomotor activity patterns, we estimated the cumulative probability distribution P(x≥a) of durations a both of resting periods, where the activity counts are successively lower than a certain predefined threshold value, and of active periods, where the counts are successively higher than the threshold.
To assess the diagnostic value of the defined patterns, we estimated the likelihood ratio and predictive value of patterns of symptoms and signs, with and without concomitant variables, to predict the presence of a series of outcomes, corresponding to objective structure of functional cardiac abnormalities as assessed by echocardiography at rest.
To examine the nucleotide substitution patterns, we estimated the number of synonymous substitutions per synonymous site, dS, and the number of nonsynonymous substitutions per nonsynonymous site, dN, of randomly chosen 500 pairs of ten sets of orthologs in each three groups using the MEGA program (version 2.1), as described by Nei and Gojobori.
For more complex cases (e.g., two dimensional block patterns), we estimate the position of the missing panel by following the sequence of the panels in the previous row or column, if the estimated block is empty we reserve this space for the new label.
In "Pore-fluid pressure field with the regional stress pattern" section, we estimated the 3-D distribution of pore-fluid pressure around Mt. Ontake and compared the result with that of Terakawa et al. (2013b).
See also supplementary information S1 In this study, we examined dietary intake patterns, and we estimated the heritability of the intake patterns.
For example, we found nearly identical patterns when we estimated expression levels based only on reads that map to the 1,000 bp at the 3′ end of each gene (Additional file 5: Figure S3).
To determine whether gene duplication is associated with a distinct pattern of evolution, we estimated ω on both the single clades of GLO-like genes from orchids (C1) and Liliales (L1) as well as the paralogous clades from Poales (P1, P2) and the remainder of Asparagales (A1, A2).
