We therefore applied only the multiple-pattern version in this study.
The single-pattern version of our approach is faster than all other programs that we tested, but the multiple-pattern version is slower than some state-of-the-art alignment-free methods.
For the multiple-pattern version, our distance function estimates the real distances correctly for all values of d≤1.
The multiple-pattern option improved the performance of our method but is more expensive in terms of program runtime compared with the single-pattern version.
A program run on a set of 14 full-length plant genomes that cannot be handled by multiple-alignment methods took ∼4 min with the single-pattern version and about five and a half hours with the multiple-pattern version using a set of 60 patterns.
Here, we define a distance as the average of the distances defined by the patterns, i.e. we define (1) We call this extension the multiple-pattern version of our spaced-word approach.
In the above test runs, we applied the multiple-pattern version of our approach with sets of m = 100 randomly selected patterns (m = 60 for the plant genomes) or used all possible patterns where fewer than m patterns are possible.
Our new distance measure d N applied to spaced-word frequencies is well in accordance with the real distances d for values of d≤0.8 on sequence pairs without insertions and deletions if the single-pattern version of our program is used.
And there are printed and patterned versions that offer something special and a bit more subtle.
Personally, Mike, I prefer patterned versions to the ones like yours featuring a giant character for the vaguely defined reason that you can just about get away with wearing them on days other than 25 December.
How can Africa make sure it does not repeat that dismal pattern?A version of this question was posed by Yaw Ansu, chief economist of the Africa Centre for Economic Transformation (ACET), an Accra-based think-tank, as he unveiled a detailed report on Africa's progress and prospects.
