The OLS estimates provide some evidence of outmigration among native whites in 1940, inmigration among native blacks in that decade, and little evidence of outmigration among natives of either race in 1950.
Although I do find evidence of outmigration among whites, my estimates do not imply that outmigration offset immigration entirely, suggesting that spatial arbitrage alone cannot explain the lack of an apparent wage effect for whites.
For this, we study the association between non-follow-up (and estimated probability of outmigration) and the real wages of Mexicans in period t-1 (Table 7).
In 1979, the Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan to support the Afghan communist regime (Collins, 2011), sparking a first wave of outmigration of Afghans who fled in reaction to the detentions and executions of non-leftist intellectuals (Jazayery, 2002).
Since then, the region has been characterized by high levels of outmigration; ecological problems, such as degradation and the influx of invasive species (King 2008); and the need for long-term famine relief (Caritas Kenya, personal communication, 2010).
Aims To describe correlates of outmigration and to estimate any association between outmigration of children and depression in rural-dwelling older parents.
This provides a cautionary note for countries estimating outmigration: it appears to be more accurate to use data from countries of destination, and may indicate a need for better tracking of outmigration.
Follow-up study was not completed for 20 (12%) of recruited children because of outmigration in 12 cases (7%) and withdrawal in 8 cases (5%).
To account for an estimated 20% loss in enrollment because of outmigration, death, and children being over age, we randomly selected an additional 75 children per age stratum.
Staffing levels have not been increased to accommodate scale-up of PITC and indeed many institutions have staff vacancies as a result of outmigration of HCWs, resulting in extreme pressure on the remaining staff.
