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In Europe, a broad scale pattern in developmental mode and environment can be seen: the planktonic developmental mode is more common in populations from marine intertidal sand and mud flats of the North Sea, whereas populations with longer brooding (intermediate and benthic modes) are commonly found in the (estuarine) sub-tidal habitats of the Baltic Sea [ 42].
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A mechanism that has gained increasing attention as a generator of spot- and stripe-like patterns in developmental systems is related to the chemical reaction-diffusion process described by Turing in 1952 [15], [16].
These differences illustrate undergraduates' scientific growth and suggest patterns in developmental trajectories as they spend more time conducting research.
ABCCs showed differential expression patterns in developmental stages, and isoforms of ABCC1 and ABCC2 also showed unique transcriptional profiles.
Similar patterns in developmental expression are also observed between honeybees and Drosophila (D. L. Cox-Foster, unpublished).
Several studies have reported Turing-like patterns in developmental biology, but, even now, it is still not absolutely clear whether many real molecular systems employ activators and inhibitors exactly in this way.
This latter finding triggered the key question of this study: Are the observations on altered transcriptome patterns in developmental toxicity studies indeed a reflection of a compounds primary MoA?
Although Turing instabilities are almost ubiquitous in studies modeling highly repetitive patterns in developmental biology, the regulatory functions used in the modeling are often selected by criteria that simplify the equation analysis rather than being chosen on the basis of their correlation with the actual biological response.
We illustrate the power of this approach with convolution-generated motion models for pattern dynamics in developmental biology and excitable media.
Overall, the relative spatial antero-posterior Hox gene expression pattern in early developmental stages of Nereis virens and Platynereis dumerilii, as well as other annelids, is comparable to that of the polyplacophoran Acanthochitona crinita.
It will be interesting to model further embryonic self-organizing systems to see whether a receptor-ligand interaction may be a general paradigm to enable Turing pattern to emerge in developmental systems.
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