Bimodal orientation patterns have often been associated with physical features of the paleoenvironment such as the shoreline57,58 and also to the paleogeographic conditions59.
In aquatic systems, comparisons of geographic variation amongst conspecific populations has predominantly focused on polar and temperate climates, and counter-gradient patterns have often been detected [22], [23].
Efforts to reconstruct human origins and migration patterns have often focused on phylogeographic studies of the paternally inherited Y-chromosome and the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA [16] [18].
Abnormal sleep patterns have often been reported in patients with autism [10], [11], [12] or Asperger syndrome [13], [14], [15], a condition characterized by the presence of markedly autistic behavior in people of normal general intelligence.
These patterns have often been used for mining whole genome sequences for OR identification [ 12].
These patterns have often been observed, but it is unclear if they are a general result of human disturbance or specific to communities that are rich in species, in complex, spatially heterogeneous environments where the problem has often been investigated.
The phylogenetic relatedness in sorghum races has been discussed in several studies [ 38- 41], but ambiguous clustering patterns have often been found, part of which may be attributable to the limitations of either low-density markers or small population size.
Our results showing steeper clines in mtDNA compared to nuclear markers add to a gathering corpus of research showing discordant rates of DNA transmission across hybrid zones among different marker types [ 11- 18, 22], a pattern that has often been attributed to Haldane's Rule [ 21].
The fact that leucism considerably varies the ratio of white to coloured hair between generations as well as between offspring from the same parents gives each individual a specific and recognizable pattern, which has often attracted pastoral populations (Rook et al. 1998).
