Several studies have suggested that annual plants have a faster rate of molecular evolution than perennials, a pattern generally attributed to the generation time effect (see [ 24, 40]).
Whether greater fluctuations in the wild have the same effect as those observed here and around intermediate temperatures [13] requires investigating the interaction between thermal variance and other biological traits, including incubation length, nesting timing, generation time, and TSD pattern, among others.
Intuitively, by processing a smaller number of future frames provides better object shape approximation (by the generated patterns) with reduced frame delay but requires more bits to encode patterns themselves (after each time of pattern generation).
Because these two patterns are expected under the generation time hypothesis for plants, these results support the hypothesis that differences in the annual/perennial habit are associated with rates of molecular evolution in angiosperms.
Weekends could contribute to breaking the chain of transmission in schools and workplaces, because influenza generally has a short generation time – about the length of a weekend – thus influencing the overall pattern of spread.
This difference is likely explained by the "hominoid slowdown" effect, which describes a lower substitution rate in hominoids (including humans) relative to Old World monkeys (including macaques) and is hypothesized to result from variation in life-history patterns among lineages, for example, in generation time (Yi et al. 2002; Steiper et al. 2004; Kim et al. 2006).
The developmental time frames for rhythm and pattern generation extend even more broadly than addressed by our present data.
This pattern might be attributed to the comparatively longer generation time of figs compared to that of wasps [ 4, 11].
These patterns are most likely related to the longer generation time and lower effective population size of subterranean rodents caused by subterranean ecological constraints.
Thus, the differences in developmental time frame found for RLM rhythm and pattern generation in our studies appear to provide support for the proposal that pattern and rhythm generation involve multiple levels of control.
