The reasonableness of each pattern estimate is confirmed by similarity between the spectrum of deviation from homogeneity and its theoretical, or statistical, reconstruction for the analysed coding region.
34 This approach ensures that the substitution patterns estimated are consistent across the different food and drink groups in the model: an increase in expenditure in one good must be matched by an appropriate reduction in expenditure on another good.
Figure 2 plots the predicted mortality rates over time using the point estimates from this semi-parametric procedure, by way of illustrating the general pattern, which our estimates are trying to uncover.
Therefore, to ensure that country-specific differences in treatment patterns and cost estimates are appropriately accounted for, the findings of these studies are reported here separately.
The pattern of estimates was virtually unchanged from the primary model above, with all paths remaining significant or non-significant.
ROI summary statistics, including pattern similarity estimates, were extracted with in-house scripts (Source code 1) in MATLAB 2009b (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA), and statistical comparisons were conducted in R version 3.1.1 (http://www.R-project.org).org
Three patterns of estimates were made: estimates made from logarithmic approximations of all items (logarithm-model estimation), estimates made from linear approximations of all items (linear-model estimation), and estimates made from approximations of items with higher determination coefficients (mixed-model estimation).
Even for the more ecologically valuable attributes, such as diameter distribution, spatial pattern and large aspens, the estimates are acceptable for conservation purposes.
In addition, patterns of change in these estimates are also critically important and must be considered when developing conservation strategies.
Although these last semi-parametric estimates are imprecise, the drop in the 2007 period is significant at 5% and the general pattern of point estimates is broadly in line with our main results.
