'Race', for example, could be a way to measure racism 9, physiological differences 57, possible cultural or behavioural patterns 58 or as a proxy of genetic differences 59 (example from 55).
In this study, the impacts of ignoring spatial structure, and the effectiveness of using multiple selectivity patterns as a proxy for spatial structure, are evaluated for the northern subpopulation of Pacific sardine (or California sardine; Sardinops sagax).
To examine canalization, we used cellular gene expression patterns as a proxy for cell fate (Waddington, 1957).
This model incorporates demographic structures, distinguishes between groups at low and high risk for developing serious disease, and uses social contact patterns as a proxy for at risk contacts.
It is still unclear if and to what extent the observed extremely high infection levels in Northern Senegal were due to intense exposure, and in how far the endemic-like age-related infection patterns were due to differences in exposure levels, measured by human water contact patterns as a proxy for true exposure.
Several studies have been conducted investigating the association between male pattern baldness (as a proxy for testosterone levels) and various health issues such as prostate cancer [ 3- 7] and cardiovascular disease[ 6, 8, 9].
Accordingly, digit length pattern may act as a proxy indicator for the underlying prenatal testosterone levels.
In order to determine the joint effect of rainfall and temperature on vegetation patterns using NDVI as a proxy for forage availability, rainfall and temperature time series data was obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (1979 to 2009) provided by the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP).
When spatially normalizing images of the human cerebral cortex, the folding pattern is often used as a proxy for architecture.
Other studies investigated the relationship between the human occupancy of buildings and the consumption patterns, using WiFi connections as a proxy for human occupancy [3].
