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Different patients' strata were compared with two-sided Student's t-test for continuous variables, and χ tests for categorical variables.
These rates were estimated overall as well as within age, race/ethnicity, and stage-specific (for cancer patients) strata (data not shown).
Under these circumstances the PSI reflects the number of statistically significant groups of patients (strata) that can be identified by the instrument [ 44].
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In the blinded period, 19% (11 out of 57) of CDDP/epi gel treated patients (stratum I, 23%; stratum II, 15%) achieved patient benefit vs 9% (three out of 35) of placebo recipients (stratum I, 12%; stratum II, 6%).
For example, men younger than 65 years were less likely than other patient strata to visit their doctors.
Targeting interventions at defined patient strata is likely to be more important in some disease-treatment combinations than in others, and prognosis research can help prioritise areas for research.
The effect size data generally showed smaller differences in treatment effect between the 23 mg/day and 10 mg/day groups for the MMSE 11 to 15 and 16 to 20 patient strata.
The frequency of safety end-points of any cause did not differ between the three patient strata: severe alkalosis (normal: 2%, mild: 0%, severe: 5%; P = 0.41); severe acidosis (normal: 13%, mild: 16%, severe: 14%; P = 0.95); severe hypocalcemia (normal: 8%, mild: 16%, severe: 12%; P = 0.57); severe hypercalcemia (0% in all strata).
The frequency of safety endpoints in the three patient strata did not differ: severe alkalosis (normal liver function 2%%, mild LF 0%%, severe LF 5%%; p = 0.41), severe acidosis (normal liver function 13%%, mild LF 16%%, severe LF 14%%; p = 0.95), severe hypocalcemia (normal liver function 8%%, mild LF 14%%, severe LF 12%%; p = 0.70), and severe hypercalcemia (0 % in all strata).
A higher percentage of THR was observed in the more severe patient stratum (JSW<2.5 mm): 37.5% vs 11.6%, with no intergroup difference.
For the more moderately impaired patient stratum (MMSE 16 to 20), all the domains except orientation, social interaction, and orienting to name were minimally but positively affected by donepezil 23 mg/day treatment.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com