First, they tend to identify pathways with broad functions such as proliferation and apoptosis, whose gene members are enriched in the genes with dosage effect.
This suggests that, rather than specifically modulating the pathways induced in response to the chemotherapy, the role of CtBPs in chemo-resistance may be through pathways with broad effects on cell proliferation and survival, such as suppression of pro-apoptotic gene expression (Grooteclaes et al., 2003; Kovi et al., 2010), and the maintenance of mitotic fidelity (Bergman et al., 2009).
In contrast, the high latitudes consistently exhibit smaller relative aggregate change than the tropics throughout the RCP4.5 pathway, with broad areas of the Arctic exhibiting increases in aggregate change from approximately 0.7 during the 2016 2035 period of RCP4.5, to approximately 1.3 during the 2046 2065 period of RCP4.5, to approximately 1.6 during the 2080 2099 period of RCP4.5.
Inhibition of MTOR with rapamycin or Torin 1 also leads to unimodal distribution of autophagic responses, indicating a graded pathway with a broad dynamic range.
In conclusion, we were able to delineate a novel c-Rel-, NFATc2- and COX-2-dependent antiapoptotic signalling pathway in PDAC with broad clinical implications for pharmaceutical intervention strategies.
The park seemed to lend itself to such an idea, with broad brick pathways that broke the lawn into sections.
Pathway analysis revealed up-regulation of two broad pathways with largely overlapping genes, one related to protein secretion and signaling and the other associated with defense response to bacterial regulation.
We found several broad pathways with differential expression between affected and unaffected BMPR2 mutation carriers, including stress response, actin organization/g-protein, calcium balance, and cell-cycle related genes.
However, NF-κB pathways are employed in diverse tissues, with broad biological consequences.
Thus, coreness to a human body site is often associated with broad taxonomic distribution, and pathways that are core to more body sites tend to be more broadly distributed (Spearman's r = 0.40; P < 0.001; Extended Data Fig. 3b).
Genes differentially-expressed between sensitive and resistant strains show functional homogeneity: dioxin-lethality may be associated with broad dysregulation of entire pathways, not just single genes.
