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The key signaling pathways, via which GFs guide osteogenic cell differentiation, are the TGF-β/BMP and Wnt-mediated pathways [19,47].
Identification of the signaling pathways via which Rap1-GTP contributes to the differentiation of Treg will provide new insights to the function of Rap1A and to designing targeted approaches for generation of Treg for therapeutic applications.
Further, we examined causal pathways via which inducing the secondary phenotype for the cost of the primary induced phenotype.
The clear advantage of increased vascular number and vascular diameter by co-transplantation of MSCs and HSCs, over MSC transplantation alone, appears to indicate several putative pathways via which HSCs may participate in synergistic actions with MSCs.
Therefore, this AS160 protein may link the pathways via which exercise and insulin stimulate glucose uptake.
However, they do not necessarily detail the pathways via which these regions are interconnected.
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Up to now, researchers still know little about the pathway via which nanoparticles (NPs) enter the inner ear or how they reach the inner ear following local applications.
Whatever the pathway via which artificial radionuclides enter the environment (via aeolian transfer, with surface waters, with atmospheric precipitation), a considerable part of these radionuclides is transported to surface waters, where they interact with the components of the ecosystem.
Based on these experiments, we suggest that for higher molecular weight PBDEs like BDE-209; direct dust:source contact is the principal pathway via which source-to-dust transfer occurs.
The present results, therefore, do not allow strong conclusions about the precise pathway via which the striatum contributes to suppression of M1 corticospinal neurons.
Expression of the IL-13 alpha-2 receptor is required for activation of the TGF-β1 promoter in macrophages [68], which could be the pathway via which IL-13 exerts its negative effects during Leishmania infection [69].
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