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Experiments run at 30 cm H2O cuff inflation pressures enabled both microaspiration and microbial proliferation pathways to operate simultaneously for bacteria to reach the lower (lung) reservoir.
Although the subcellular compartmentation allows both pathways to operate independently, there is ample evidence that cross-talk exist between these two pathways [ 40, 41].
Thus, Ca2+ entry via two different Ca2+-channels may allow two exocytotic pathways to operate in parallel within the α-cell (Fig. 2D).
To further examine the potential for miRNA pathways to operate in the nucleus, we tested the ability of Dicer, the enzyme that processes pre-miRNA precursors, to generate mature miRNAs in nuclear or cytoplasmic extracts.
A logical question arising from such studies concerns the capacity of statins, or statin-sensitive pathways, to operate in the context of 'high-grade' inflammation such as that characteristically seen in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).
Thus, defects in the PCNA polyubiquitylation pathway in WT cells causes MMS hypersensitivity, whereas additional inhibition of HMO1 cells allows other recombination- and TLS-mediated DDT pathways to operate efficiently.
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This explanation requires the low-yield pathway to operate at a faster rate than the high-yield pathway, which is likely the case [ 8, 15, 16].
Hence, we would expect the pathway to operate in a regime away from saturation where the dynamics would be more stable and robust.
Cancer cells do not respond to these regulations and as a result energy generating pathways start to operate independently.
DNA damage from endogenous and exogenous sources threatens the genome and the epigenome, requiring chromatin-based DNA damage response pathways (DDR) to operate within structurally and functionally diverse chromatin environments.
It would be interesting to explore whether, similarly to what we describe here for dopamine (Fig. 5), some specific pathways known to operate via GSK3β, such as the insulin signaling in liver [15], regulate the circadian clock by altering the phosphorylation state and the stability of BMAL1.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com