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These three pathways served as examples of pathways influenced by pathogen attacks or various abiotic stresses.
The steady state properties of exemplary metabolic pathways served as test cases; they were analysed in terms of the robustness of their steady state properties.
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However, tumor cells often develop chemoresistance to platinum anticancer drugs, because of the initiation of autophagic pathways serving as a cell-protective mechanism against these chemical stresses.
GWAS findings have been instrumental for identifying the genes and pathways serving as genetic trigger points that predispose to psoriasis [12,20,93].
Zinc in fish is involved in many metabolic pathways, serves as a specific cofactor for various enzymes and has also been shown to assist in healing of wounds (Watanabe et al. 1997; FAO 2017).
In the barn owl, interaural differences in timing and level (ITD and ILD), which are subserved by anatomically parallel and physiologically independent pathways, serve as cues for localization [13], [28] [31].
Several kinase pathways serve as physiological switches in response to nutrient availability.
The concept that the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways serve as key pathways in regulating CIC survival is beginning to emerge.
We identified the RB (GADD45 β and GADD45 γ) and the p53 (GADD45 α) signaling pathways as the common pathways, serving as key molecules that regulate cell cycle.
As compared to arteries, it is less clear whether venous perivascular pathways serve as a drainage pathway for ISF and interstitial solutes.
Also, members of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family of functionally and structurally related proteins control both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis pathways, serving as endogeneous apoptosis inhibitors.
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