The LOG-dependent pathway of producing active cytokinin nucleobases from ribotide precursors has recently been established as the dominant cytokinin-activating mechanism in rice [ 55] and Arabidopsis [ 106].
Many microorganisms contain native pathways capable of producing useful chemical compounds [ 1, 2], and synthetic pathways can be genetically inserted into model organisms such as E. coli[ 3] and S. cerevisiae[ 4].
There thus appear to be multiple pathways capable of producing IL-10 secreting regulatory T cells.
Oxidative stress pathways capable of producing ROS in skeletal muscle inactivity include nitric oxide synthase-generating, xanthine oxidase-generating, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase-generating, and mitochondrial oxidant-generating pathways [ 21].
The complete biosynthetic replacement of petroleum transportation fuels requires a metabolic pathway capable of producing short chain n-alkanes.
The optimal genes were combined with the overexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, developing a full biosynthetic pathway capable of producing a titer of 4.7 g/L DPA directly from glucose.
Here, an efficient biosynthetic pathway capable of producing 100-fold more β-carotene than the baseline construct was generated using strong promoters and multiple gene copies for each of the 12 steps.
