In this review we examine pathways of N input (atmospheric N deposition and biological N2-fixation), cycling (N mineralization, immobilization and nitrification) and output (denitrification and nitrifier denitrification) found across the Arctic with a focus upon gaseous N exchanges in these ecosystems.
We found that targeting different pathways of excitatory inputs to the trigeminal system can attenuate post-traumatic increases in pain signaling molecules and headache behavior (i.e., trigeminal allodynia) in a murine model of cortical injury [19].
The activity-dependent and pathway-specific properties of input gating make it a useful behavioral marker for memory in the primary pathway vs. those via the secondary pathway, hereinafter referred to as primary and secondary memory, respectively.
To perform the distance analysis, first the hyper-geometric test is used to find the most significant pathways of the two input gene lists, then the Floyd-Warshall algorithm is used to calculate the "distances" between the two pathways.
One feature of this software is the use of statistical algorithms to determine the most highly impacted pathways, considering the number of input genes compared to total genes in a given pathway; a commonly used hypergeometric over-representation approach.
Communication between pathways is typically enhanced by the addition of hubs (highly connected pathways, which convert metabolites for a broader range of input and output pathways) and switchboards (centrally connected pathways, which capture a large fraction of the whole metabolite traffic).
Manipulation of components in signaling pathways will alter correlation of input signals to output effects.
The notion of reaction cascade is central since generally metabolic pathways describe the transformation of input metabolites into output ones.
By observing shifts in multi-dimensional trajectories of the IL-2 pathway as a function of input numbers of antigens and T cells, we deduced the presence of previously unaccounted for regulatory interactions.
A computational framework has been developed for the construction and evaluation of metabolic pathways given input substrates and knowledge of enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
