Cross-presentation is now established under various investigational conditions as a fundamental pathway of activating CD8 T cells but understanding its significance for mounting immune responses in vivo has been limited by experimental means to distinguish cross-priming from overall MHC I priming.
However, the optimal HS dose for reducing AQP4 expression, the pathway of activating PKC by HS and the significance of HS down-regulation of AQP4 in brain edema are to be further explored.
These results suggested the presence of an alternative, MALT1-independent BCR-induced NF-κB activation pathway capable of activating RelA downstream of BCL10.
Moreover, epigenetic regulation may play a greater part in dictating pathway activation independent of activating oncogenes or loss of tumour suppressor mutations, which will produce heterogeneity.
It may indirectly activate the alternative pathway as a consequence of activating the classic pathway [ 41, 44, 45].
The functional significance of multiple pathways to activate ERs is unclear.
A recent study identified a pathway of ICAM2 activating the PI3K/AKT leading to inhibition of apoptosis (Perez et al, 2002).
Mechanistically, BMP2 functions downstream of Lrp5/6 pathway to activate a conserved regulatory element upstream of Sp7 via recruitment of Smad1 and Grhl3.
The diagram includes detailed depictions of pathways activated downstream of different pathogen recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors, C-type lectin receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors.
A principal problem is the typical simultaneous activation of pathways activated by Ca2+ store depletion and by second messenger mechanisms such as generation or depletion of lipid mediators.
